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Process Flow Diagram (BPMN)

GO-14 BPMN diagram
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L4 Process Steps

StepStep NameRole / Swim LaneSystem InputOutputKPIDec?Exc?
Phase 1
1.1
Extract flight schedule & compute GSE demand Ground Operations Planner SITA Airport Management System (AMS) Inbound/outbound flight schedule, stand allocation plan, aircraft type mix GSE demand matrix by stand, flight, and equipment type GSE demand forecast accuracy ≥95% vs actual utilisation N N
1.2 Allocate GSE units to flights via AMS rules GSE Fleet Controller SITA Airport Management System (AMS) GSE demand matrix, current GSE fleet registry with asset status GSE-to-flight assignment schedule published to ramp supervisors GSE assignment completion ≥60 min before first departure of each wave; compliance ≥95% N N
1.3 Confirm GSE serviceability against maintenance roster GSE Maintenance Supervisor AMOS by Swiss AviationSoftware GSE assignment schedule, open work orders, scheduled maintenance calendar Confirmed serviceable GSE list; pool shortfall flag if serviceability rate below threshold GSE fleet serviceability rate ≥92% at start of each operational day Y N
Phase 2
2.1
Pre-position GSE at assigned stand before block-in Ground Equipment Operator SITA Airport Management System (AMS) Confirmed GSE assignment, inbound ETA from AMS flight information display GSE physically staged at correct stand ≥30 min before block-in On-stand pre-positioning compliance ≥95% of turns; late positioning incidents ≤2% per month N N
2.2 Conduct pre-use walk-around inspection per IATA AHM 913 Ground Equipment Operator Ramco Aviation IATA AHM 913 inspection checklist, equipment logbook from prior shift Completed pre-use inspection record; pass/fail status logged in Ramco Pre-use inspection completion rate 100%; open defects from prior shift actioned before use Y N
2.3 Validate GPU/ACU electrical output and hose integrity GSE Technician AMOS by Swiss AviationSoftware Pre-use inspection pass record, GPU/ACU test equipment readings Voltage/frequency validation report; unit cleared or grounded GPU/ACU pre-use pass rate ≥98%; voltage within ±2% of 115V AC / 400 Hz spec N Y
Phase 3
3.1
Connect GPU and switch aircraft to ground power on block-in Ramp Agent Amadeus Airport Management Block-in confirmation from AMS, GPU readiness status Aircraft on external ground power; APU shutdown initiated by flight crew Aircraft on ground power within 3 min of block-in; APU shutdown compliance ≥90% of turns N N
3.2 Deploy belt loaders and baggage tractors for cargo transfer Ramp Supervisor SITA Airport Management System (AMS) ULD/baggage load plan from departure control system, belt loader assignment Belt loaders and tractors positioned and operational at aircraft doors Belt loader/tractor on-stand on-time rate ≥95%; FOD incidents attributable to GSE ≤0 per quarter N Y
3.3 Position fueling equipment and coordinate refueling start Fuel Coordinator Honeywell GoDirect Fuel uplift order from flight dispatch, fueling equipment availability status Fuel truck or hydrant dispenser positioned; refueling sequence initiated Fueling equipment on-stand within 10 min of block-in; fueling completion ≥15 min before STD N N
Phase 4
4.1
Log GSE defect in maintenance system with fault code Ground Equipment Operator AMOS by Swiss AviationSoftware Observed defect during or after turnaround, equipment ID and location Defect record with fault code, severity, and timestamp in AMOS Defect logged within 15 min of identification; compliance ≥98%; zero unlogged defects on end-of-day fleet check N N
4.2 Assess safety criticality and ground unit if required GSE Maintenance Supervisor AMOS by Swiss AviationSoftware Defect record, safety-criticality matrix (airline-proprietary), regulatory requirements Safety classification (critical / non-critical); out-of-service tag issued for critical units Safety-critical GSE grounded within 30 min of defect identification; zero safety-critical units operated beyond grounding threshold Y Y
4.3 Execute corrective maintenance and post-repair check GSE Technician AMOS by Swiss AviationSoftware Work order from AMOS, spare parts from stores, OEM repair manual Repaired GSE unit with completed work order; post-repair serviceability test result Corrective maintenance turnaround time ≤4 hr for critical GSE; ≤24 hr for non-critical; first-time fix rate ≥85% Y N
4.4 Update GSE fleet availability status in AMS GSE Fleet Controller SITA Airport Management System (AMS) Work order closure in AMOS, post-repair serviceability confirmation GSE unit status updated to 'Serviceable' in AMS fleet registry Fleet availability status updated within 1 hr of repair closure; AMS–AMOS sync accuracy ≥99% N N
Phase 5
5.1
Compile monthly GSE utilisation and MTBF KPIs Ground Operations Analyst Tableau AMOS maintenance history, AMS utilisation logs, defect register extract Monthly GSE performance dashboard: MTBF, downtime rate, utilisation by equipment class GSE MTBF ≥500 operating hr; fleet downtime rate ≤3%; dashboard published by 5th of each month N N
5.2 Assess fleet adequacy and identify replacement candidates Ground Operations Manager SAP S/4HANA Finance (FI/CO) GSE performance dashboard, asset age register, peak-demand utilisation ratios Fleet adequacy assessment; list of assets recommended for replacement or disposal Fleet adequacy ratio ≥1.2× peak demand; assets beyond 10-yr economic life flagged for replacement within next budget cycle Y N
5.3 Initiate GSE procurement or lease request via SAP Ariba Procurement Specialist SAP Ariba Approved fleet replacement list, capital budget allocation, airport authority concession terms Purchase requisition or lease agreement raised in SAP Ariba; vendor shortlist for tender Procurement lead time ≤90 days for standard GSE; ≤180 days for electric/specialist units N Y
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Process Attributes

Identification

Process IDGO-14
L1 DomainGround Operations & Airport Services
L2 ProcessRamp & Turnaround Operations
L3 NameGround Support Equipment (GSE) Management
L4 Steps16 across 5 phases
Decision Gates5 (all with iteration loops)
Exceptions4 documented

Swim Lanes (Roles)

Ground Operations Planner
GSE Fleet Controller
GSE Maintenance Supervisor
Ground Equipment Operator
GSE Technician
Ramp Agent
Ramp Supervisor
Fuel Coordinator
Ground Operations Analyst
Ground Operations Manager
Procurement Specialist

Systems & Tools

SITA Airport Management System (AMS)AMOS by Swiss AviationSoftwareRamco AviationAmadeus Airport ManagementHoneywell GoDirectTableauSAP S/4HANA Finance (FI/CO)SAP Ariba

Key Performance Indicators

Extract flight schedule & compute GSE demandGSE demand forecast accuracy ≥95% vs actual utilisation
Allocate GSE units to flights via AMS rulesGSE assignment completion ≥60 min before first departure of each wave; compliance ≥95%
Confirm GSE serviceability against maintenance rosterGSE fleet serviceability rate ≥92% at start of each operational day
Pre-position GSE at assigned stand before block-inOn-stand pre-positioning compliance ≥95% of turns; late positioning incidents ≤2% per month
Conduct pre-use walk-around inspection per IATA AHM 913Pre-use inspection completion rate 100%; open defects from prior shift actioned before use
Validate GPU/ACU electrical output and hose integrityGPU/ACU pre-use pass rate ≥98%; voltage within ±2% of 115V AC / 400 Hz spec
Connect GPU and switch aircraft to ground power on block-inAircraft on ground power within 3 min of block-in; APU shutdown compliance ≥90% of turns
Deploy belt loaders and baggage tractors for cargo transferBelt loader/tractor on-stand on-time rate ≥95%; FOD incidents attributable to GSE ≤0 per quarter

Airline-Specific Risks & Pain Points

AMS schedule feeds lag 2–4 hr behind real-time slot changes; GSE demand mismatches occur at congested airports during irregular operations
Manual supervisor overrides bypass AMS allocation logic, creating last-minute equipment conflicts during irregular operations and peak waves
AMOS maintenance records not always updated in real time by field technicians; apparent serviceability rates overstate actual availability, discovered only at stand
GPS-based GSE telematics not universally deployed; manual radio check-in introduces positioning errors during peak waves, causing stand conflicts
Inspection checklist compliance drops during early-morning wave peaks; IATA AHM 913 requires 100% completion but enforcement is manual and shift-dependent
Aging GPU units exhibit voltage fluctuations not detected by manual test protocols; risk of avionics damage if aircraft switched from APU to non-compliant ground power

Inputs / Outputs

Primary InputInbound/outbound flight schedule, stand allocation plan, aircraft type mix
Primary OutputPurchase requisition or lease agreement raised in SAP Ariba; vendor shortlist for tender
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